Mesh

First-order tetrahedral elements are used for all foam parts and for most rigid bodies. No mesh quality control was applied during meshing of the rigid bodies. The model has a continuous mesh between the metal structures and the PUR foam in the arms, head, femur and pelvis. For all other body parts there are contact definitions between the PUR foam and the metal structures.

Mesh quality

The PUR foam parts were meshed using tetrahedral elements. In the FE SET 50M, the element size ranges from approximately 4 mm to 20 mm. In the FE SET 50F, the foam in the torso, abdomen, and lower leg was remeshed to achieve a more uniform size of approximately 8 mm. The element quality of the deformable elements in the two models is summarized in the table below.

Criteria	Threshold	FE SET 50F	FE SET 50M
Min Length	1.4 mm	0.1 %	2.2 %
Max aspect ratio	10	0.0 %	0.0 %
Max warpage	20°	0.0 %	0.0 %
Max Skew	60°	0.2 %	0.2 %
Min tria. elem. angle	20°	0.2 %	0.3 %
Max tria. elem. angle	160°	0.3 %	0.0 %

Mesh properties	FE SET 50F	FE SET 50M
Total # deformable solid elements	610 564	667 542
Smallest timestep	0.26 µs	0.29 µs
Added mass @ timestep 0.5 µs	0.3 g	0.2 g