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Known Issues and Comments

  • The current mass scaling does not seem to affect the simulation notably. However, it should be noted that most of the mass is applied at two spring elements in the head. The reason for this has not been investigated. In the current model, if the mass scaling is increased far beyond the default value, the model crashes in the initial stages of the simulation.

  • The duplicate coordinate systems of the joint definitions in the FE SET 50F have only been added for the flexion-extension (in the sagittal plane) joints of the spine. Hence the remaining spine joints only have one coordinate system defined per joint.

    • The same is true for the beam elements used to visualize the coordinate systems in the FE SET 50F.

  • The torsional resistance of the joints in the upper and lower extremities have not been calibrated (except for the sternoclavicular joint). The values used are approximate starting values in the calibration process.

    • To calibrate these joints, the principle presented in the VTI report1 should be used. Joint resistance is set such that there is a slow motion downwards by gravity for the configurations described in the report.
    • Analysis of spinal motion during rear impact indicates a high hip joint stiffness (i.e., small motion) and may be an important contributor to the overall spinal motion.

  1. Magnus Karemyr, Tommy Pettersson, Mats Svensson, and Astrid Linder. Seat Evaluation Tools (SETs) : Development of prototype concepts of the SETs of an average female and male for low severity rear impact crash testing. Technical Report 1147A, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Traffic Safety and Traffic System, 2022. URL: https://vti.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1709745/FULLTEXT01.pdf. ↩